Film / Review

Perbudakan dan Rasialisme dalam Film 12 Years A Slave

- by Minrahadi Lubis - 973 Comments.
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12 years A Slave, sesuai dengan judulnya, diangkat dari kisah seorang kulit hitam, Solomon Northup, yang menjadi korban perbudakan selama 12 tahun. Solomon Northup yang diperankan oleh Chiwetel Ejiofor pada awalnya adalah warga negara yang bebas. Namun, ketika berkunjung ke Washington, ia pun diculik dan dijadikan budak oleh orang kulit putih. Usahanya untuk meraih kembali kebebasan tidak membuahkan hasil sampai ia sendiri bertemu dan diselamatkan oleh orang yang anti terhadap perbudakan. Uniknya, orang yang berjasa menyelamatkan Solomon tidak lain juga adalah orang kulit putih.

Terlepas dari fakta apakah yang dialami Solomon dalam kisahnya memang demikian, keunikan ini menunjukkan bahwa sang sutradara, Steve McQueen, tidak bermaksud menjadikan12 Years A Slave sebagai media propaganda. Memang tidak dapat dipungkiri, 12 Years A Slave bisa saja melahirkan rasa benci terhadap orang-orang kulit putih karena film ini benar-benar berhasil menampilkan orang-orang kulit putih sebagai sosok antagonis. Namun, bukan itu yang menjadi poin pentingya.  Lagi pula, para penonton yang bijak tidak akan merasa terpropaganda jika mereka memperhatikan dan mengikuti plot film ini secara keseluruhan.

Melalui 12 Years A Slave, penonton akan melihat bagaimana rasialisme seakan memiliki hubungan yang begitu erat dengan perbudakan. Yang menjadi persoalan kemudian adalah hubungan apa yang terjadi diantara keduanya? Apakah rasialisme dapat dianggap sebagai akar dari perbudakan atau justru sebaliknya; perbudakanlah yang melahirkan rasialisme? Tentu tidak sedikit teori yang berupaya melacak genealogi perbudakan. Aristoteles, misalnya, mengatakan bahwa perbudakan ada karena adanya beberapa orang yang dilahirkan sebagai budak. Dengan kata lain, “kebudakan” bagi Aristoteles bukan bagian dari konstruksi masyarakat, melainkan bagian dari hukum alam yang tidak bisa dihindari.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau yang merasa terganggu dengan pandangan Aristoteles tersebut kemudian mengatakan bahwa tidak seorang pun yang dilahirkan sebagai budak kecuali tempat di mana ia dilahirkan memang melegalkan perbudakan. Sekilas pandangan Rousseau lebih relevan dengan 12 Years A Slave sekalipun masih menyisakan pertanyaan, mengapa dalam masyarakat tertentu perbudakan dilegalkan? Namun, baik Rousseau maupun Aristoteles tidak sedikitpun membicarakan perbudakan dalam hubungannya dengan rasialisme.

Gagasan tentang determinisme ekonomi ala marxisme ortodoks, menurut penulis, akan sangat membantu dalam membedah kedekatan hubungan perbudakan dan rasialisme dalam film history yang berlatar tahun 1841. Determinisme ekonomi adalah suatu pandangan yang mengatakan bahwa corak sistem produksi tertentu atau basis-struktur akan menentukan pula corak pergaulan hidup manusia. Dengan determinisme ekonomi, perbudakan pun akan dipandang sebagai suatu gejala yang lahir dari motif ekonomi. Itulah  mengapa perbudakan yang dialami solomon akan terlihat bukan karena kehitaman kulitnya, melainkan karena tuan-tuan tanah membutuhkan tenaganya sebagai alat produksi bagi sistem kapitalisme pertanian. Hal ini juga terlihat jelas dalam adegan film bagaimana Solomon, di bawah kekuasaan Epps, dipaksa bekerja dan memproduksi kapas sebanyak mungkin.

Selain sistem produksi atau basis-struktur, kehidupan suatu masyarakat juga dilayani oleh supra-struktur. Jika basis-struktur, memimjam penjelasan Stalin, berfungsi melayani masyarakat dalam bidang ekonomi, maka supra-struktur yang berupa institusi-institusi, seperti pendidikan, agama, hukum, dan sejenisnya, berfungsi untuk “memanipulasi” kesadaran masyarakat. Supra-struktur inilah kemudian yang berperan aktif dalam melanggengkan basisnya. Oleh karena itu, jika dalam 12 Years A Slave rasialisme dan perbudakan seakan memiliki keterkaitan satu sama lain, itu bukan karena satu di antaranya menjadi penyebab bagi yang lain. Melainkan karena sistem kapitalisme pertanian tidak akan bertahan lama tanpa adanya hukum yang melegalkan perbudakan dan diskriminasi rasial.

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